Partial opioid agonist
Buprenorphine
Buprenorphine hydrochloride
Buprenorphine is a partial opioid that is used two very different ways: as patches for long-term pain, and as a treatment for opioid dependence. It is safer in overdose than full opioids but can trigger withdrawal if started too soon.
How this medicine is supplied
Prescription only — specialist initiation for dependence in the UK. Dispensed by us only against a valid prescription from a UK prescriber.
How prescriptions workIf you feel suddenly and severely unwell with agitation, sweating, vomiting and shaking after starting buprenorphine, call NHS 111 or your treatment service straight away.
What it is used for
- Long-term pain that needs a strong painkiller (patches)
- Treatment of opioid dependence, alongside counselling and support
- Pain relief in some hospital and palliative settings
How it works
Buprenorphine attaches tightly to opioid receptors but only partly activates them. That gives pain relief and reduces cravings, while making it much less likely than full opioids to slow breathing to a dangerous level. Because it binds so strongly, it can push other opioids off the receptor and cause withdrawal.
Forms available in the UK
- Transdermal patches (weekly, twice-weekly or monthly)
- Sublingual tablets and oral films (for dependence)
- Injection (hospital and licensed treatment settings)
Safety information you must know
- Do not start buprenorphine for dependence until you are in withdrawal — starting too early causes sudden, severe withdrawal.
- Heat increases absorption from patches. Avoid hot baths, electric blankets, heat pads and saunas.
- Never cut or damage a patch unless your prescriber has told you to, and dispose of used patches safely.
- Do not take other opioids, alcohol or sedatives alongside it without specialist advice.
- Sublingual tablets must be allowed to dissolve under the tongue — swallowing them reduces how well they work.
- Tell any healthcare professional that you take buprenorphine, especially before surgery or before being given pain relief.
Common side effects
- Headache
- Nausea
- Constipation
- Dizziness and drowsiness
- Insomnia
- Skin reactions at the patch site
- Sweating
Interactions to be aware of
- Other opioids (precipitated withdrawal)
- Benzodiazepines and other sedatives
- Alcohol
- Some antifungals and HIV medicines
- Anti-seizure medicines
UK legal position
Buprenorphine is a Class C controlled drug and a Schedule 3 prescription-only medicine. Treatment for opioid dependence is usually started through a specialist drug service or shared-care arrangement with your GP.
Brand names you may see
Brand names are listed for identification only. We do not endorse or supply them.
This page provides general information only and does not constitute medical advice, a prescription or an offer to supply. Doses are decided by your prescriber. If you think you may need this medicine, speak to your GP, an NHS 111 clinician or a specialist pain service. In an emergency, call 999.